Around 80 percent of global trade travels by ship, while most of the EU’s imports and exports arrive or leave by sea. Meanwhile, more than 95 percent of international digital communications pass through submarine fibre-optic cables stretching across the ocean floor, alongside pipelines that transport much of the world’s oil and gas. Damage to these networks—whether through sabotage, drones, unmanned underwater vehicles or conventional military attacks—could disrupt supply chains, financial systems and energy security almost overnight.

As a result, maritime defence is increasingly focused not only on warships and submarines but also on…

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